By combining surface, satellite, radar, and photographic data each scale of cyclone is investigated with emphasis on determining mechanisms by which they intensify or evolve, especially through scale interactions.

Bulk models of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) conventionally rely on diagnostic forms of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) equation to determine the entrainment rate. During episodes of rapid deepening or shallowing, the local time rate of change of the vertically integrated TKE becomes significant compared to the difference between gross production and dissipation. A method is presented to determine the entrainment rate in a bulk PBL model...

The geostrophic system of equations with both the effects of orography and heat contrast corresponding to land-sea distribution is integrated with respect to time by using the spectral method. The computed results show the appearance of reasonable blocking situation and a corresponding double jet stream in the latitudinal distribution of the zonally averaged zonal wind.